thought i might put this on the blog
May 29, 2005
Shakespeare Brushes Up on His Chinese
By AVENTURINA KING
TAIPEI, Taiwan
MACBETH does a back flip from a 10-foot-high city wall; his queen
sings a lament as she wipes imaginary blood from her hands; and the
courtiers enact their coup in Han dynasty dress. It is no typical
production of Shakespeare’s “Macbeth” that Spoleto Festival U.S.A.
is presenting on Thursday and Friday in Charleston, S.C.
Renamed “The Kingdom of Desire,” it is a creation of the
Contemporary Legend Theater of Taiwan, which has fused
Shakespeare’s plot with the mise-en-scène of Beijing opera. The
verses are in Mandarin (with English titles), and the words are
accentuated by the actors’ flowing patterns of movement. While
plotting the king’s murder, Wei Hai-Ming, as Lady Macbeth,
elegantly twirls the long sleeves of her dress. Wu Hsing-Kuo,
meanwhile, as Macbeth, twists his body in snakelike fashion and
flutters his hands in circles. His movements intensify as his
strong tones resonate throughout the auditorium.
In Beijing opera, a 200-year-old dramatic medium and long the most
popular form of entertainment in China, actors, clothed in ornate
silk costumes, perform stylized movements on a more or less bare
stage. Traditional string, wind and percussion instruments
accompany the performers through sequences of acting, song, dance
and acrobatics. Like Broadway players, the actors excel in these
different skills and often perform them simultaneously.
The Contemporary Legend Theater was established in 1986 by its lead
actor and artistic director, Mr. Wu, in an attempt to usher Beijing
opera into the 21st century. The company made its debut with “The
Kingdom of Desire,” which it has since performed widely, notably at
the Royal National Theater in London in 1990 and at the Avignon
Festival in France in 1998.
Over the last two decades, the company has produced a series of
plays interpreting canonical Western dramas - “Hamlet,” “Medea,”
“Oresteia,” “The Tempest” - through the Beijing opera lens. In
2001, Mr. Wu performed “King Lear” as a one-man show, alternately
playing Lear, Cordelia and the other principal roles.
(Cross-dressing is a longstanding tradition in Beijing opera.)
Purists of a certain stripe might see these adaptations as further
evidence of the East’s capitulation to Western culture, whether
popular or classical. Mr. Wu, however, sees them as a way to help
preserve Beijing opera tradition.
“As I grew up learning Beijing opera, I realized that every day the
audiences grew smaller and smaller,” he said in an interview. “The
times were changing quickly. So I asked myself how I could make
Beijing opera flourish again.”
But when he set about to fuse Eastern and Western drama, he and his
collaborators found that it was no easy task. Ms. Wei, the Lady
Macbeth, explains: “Beijing opera portrays beauty. Western drama
depicts life.”
Aesthetic qualities of a rarefied sort are paramount in Beijing
opera. Actors train intensively from childhood to achieve a perfect
fluidity of movement. Stage scenes are organized to produce the most
exquisite impression. Sometimes, during a martial sequence, a gong
will suddenly sound, and the performers freeze their bodies into a
beautiful sculpture adorned in silk.
Onstage, there is no ugliness. Actors’ faces reveal little emotion,
even through death and war; grief is expressed through stylized
gestures. Nor does anything interrupt the smooth choreography.
Everything is done to please the eye.
This ideal is very different from Western drama, which, beginning
with Greek tragedy, does not hesitate to plunge into the depths of
human suffering in a wrenching, realistic manner. The goal of
involving the audience emotionally often supersedes that of giving
visual pleasure.
These differences in representation reflect the differences in
subject matter. “Beijing opera only portrays virtue, illustrates
high ideals,” Mr. Wu said. “Shakespeare’s plays and the Greek
tragedies talk about human weakness caused by love and hatred.”
Indeed, Chinese opera heroes and heroines, like the charitable Bai
Su Zhen in “Madam White Snake” or the naïve Du Liniang in “The
Peony Pavilion,” are paradigms of innocence. The leads in “Macbeth”
are murderers tortured by ambition and then by guilt.
But in a few important regards, Shakespeare is well suited to the
Chinese stage. “Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in verse, like
Beijing opera,” Mr. Wu said. “His stage is also relatively sparse.
The actors are responsible for conjuring up the setting.”
He added, “We want to use well-known masterpieces because everyone
understands them already.” That is how traditional opera is
generally presented in China, where operas may last up to 20 hours
but are typically shown in isolated excerpts, requiring the
audience to be familiar with the larger context of a given scene.
Mr. Wu began intensive training in Beijing opera at 10, in Taiwan.
Eight years later, he entered the Chinese Culture University and
started studying Shakespeare. After graduation he performed leading
roles for the Cloud Gate Dance Theater and the Lu Kuang Chinese
Opera School. In 1983, eager to revive the form, he and a group of
friends began discussing the possibility of a Beijing opera
interpretation of “Macbeth.”
This was the genesis of the company. The challenges were immense. It
had no script, no sets, no costumes, no rehearsal space and no
financing.
“We had trouble finding someone to adapt the script to Beijing
opera, because a lot of people opposed our use of Beijing opera as
a means to present a Western drama,” said Lin Hsiu-Wei, the
producer of “The Kingdom of Desire” and Mr. Wu’s wife. “Finally, a
college student accepted, and turned the verse into Beijing opera
style poetry in one year. At the end, it was too long to use, so we
had to edit it extensively.” The text was set to traditional
melodies from Beijing opera.
The sets and costumes were produced by volunteers. “The people
making the sets put up their own money,” Ms. Lin said, adding that
the costume designers did the same.
As for the role of Lady Macbeth, the company looked outside its own
ranks. “At the time,” Ms. Lin explained, “in the Beijing opera
world, the two best accomplished artists were Wu Hsing-Kuo and Wei
Hai-Ming,” a star of the Hai Kuang Chinese Opera Company in Taiwan.
“They were therefore the perfect match onstage.” Mr. Wu called Ms.
Wei and offered her the role of Lady Macbeth - but without salary.
(The company is now fully professional.)
Beijing opera is highly codified. Movements function as symbols that
can represent either the physical situation or the thoughts of a
character. A thrust of the leg and the character is suddenly
swimming in a river. A dismissive wave of the hand, the character
is angry.
The code is made more complex by traditional opera’s character
categories. Like Western opera, which categorizes its roles
according to vocal range (sopranos and tenors as heroes and
heroines, mezzos and basses as heavies), Beijing opera divides its
characters according to sex, age, rank and function.
The term “wusheng,” for example, designates all the male military
roles. “Qingyi” describes the virtuous lady, whether a dutiful
daughter or a devoted wife and mother. Each category has its own
repertory of stage movements from which the characters choose to
express their particular situations.
Because of the difficulty of the movements, a Beijing opera
performer will generally master only one or two role types. As Ms.
Wei, who began training when she was 10, explains, “I was raised as
qingyi, which means that all my movements had to be very tender,
very soft.” So when Mr. Wu called, she assumed that her role in
“The Kingdom of Desire” would fall within that category, too. “I
accepted the offer without having read the script,” she said. She
added with a laugh, “I hadn’t suspected his plan.”
But Lady Macbeth does not fall into any of the traditional character
categories. Ms. Wei had to discard her qingyi movements and create a
new body language to depict Lady Macbeth’s devious personality - a
process that exemplifies the modernization of Beijing opera in the
production.
“I created new movements, like this one, where my palms are facing
toward the sky and my hands are at different levels,” she said.
“The palms facing upward indicate that Lady Macbeth wishes to
elevate her status and the status of her husband. But you would
never see a movement like this in traditional Beijing opera.”
She demonstrated other movements she had created for her role. “When
I walk, I move my dress so that it is like the tail of a snake,” she
said. “When I plot the king’s murder with Macbeth, I emphasize the
vicious words with the lashing movements of my dress.”
And unusually, the Beijing opera performers are required to depict
suffering realistically, to contort their made-up features into
scowls and frowns, to produce tears.
Yet in “The Kingdom of Desire,” the performance loses none of its
beauty. The grimaces, the stabbing and the contracted limbs, all
that is normally ugly and cathartic in Western drama, is infused
with gracefulness, a constant hallmark of the form. And emotions
are externalized with a new intensity through the performers’
graceful use of their entire bodies to express their feelings. (Ms.
Wei and Mr. Wu will give a lecture-demonstration on “The Kingdom of
Desire” on June 8 at the New York Library for the Performing Arts.)
As Mr. Wu had hoped, “Macbeth” has given Beijing opera new
expressive possibilities and a new opportunity to flourish. Maybe
Beijing opera will do the same for “Macbeth.”